Pulse and digital circuits lab manual

Low Pass Filter: S. Precautions: 1. Connections should be made carefully. Verify the circuit connections before giving supply. Take readings without any parallax error. Viva Voce Questions: 1. What is meant by Linear Wave Shaping? What are linear elements? What is meant by a low pass filter and why it is called so? What is meant by a high pass filter and why it is called so? What is meant by Reactance of a Capacitor?

What is meant by 3dB frequency? What is meant by cut-off frequency? Thus the circuits which are used to clip off unwanted portion of the waveform, without distorting the remaining part of the waveform are called clipper circuits or Clippers.

The clipper circuits are also called limiters or slicers. Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual 5. Verify the circuit before giving supply. What is meant by non linear wave shaping? What is meant by Clipping? What are Non-Linear elements? What are the other names for Clippers?

What are the applications and advantages of Clippers? Theory: The circuits which are used to add a d. Capacitor, diode, resistor are the three basic elements of a clamper circuit.

The clamper circuits are also called d. The clampers are classified as 1. Negative clampers 2. Positive clampers Circuit Diagrams: 1. Positive Clamper camping to 0v:. What is meant by a Clamper? How many types of Clampers are there? What are they? What are the advantages and applications of Clampers? What are the other names of Clampers? What is the difference between a Clipper and a Clamper?

Transistor as a Switch Aim: To study Switching characteristics of a given transistor BC and calculate the rise time, delay time, storage time and fall time. Theory: In the transistor the output characteristics having three different regions. They are: 1. Cut-off region 2. Saturation region 3. Active region. When the transistor is operating in Cut-off region, it remains cut-off i.

The transistor thus behaves like an open switch. It can be shown that both emitter-base junction and collector-base junction are reverse biased and no conduction occurs. When the transistor is operating in Saturation region, it conducts heavily, just like a closed switch. Both emitter-base junction and collector-base junction remain Forward-biased and the device almost behaves like a Short-circuit.

The region between cut-off region and Saturation region is termed as Active region. When the transistor is operating in this region, the emitter-base junction remains forward-biased and the collector-base junction remains Reverse-biased. Just you have to trace the circuit.

Observe the Output voltage, 5vp-p and frequency KHz. Define the following: a. Rise time t r b. Fall time t f c. Delay time t d d. Storage time t s e. Turn ON time t ON f. What is meant by a. Cut-off region? Saturation Region? Active Region? What is meant by Forward-biased condition? What is meant by Reverse-Biased condition? Circuit Diagrams:. Procedure: i Connect the circuit as shown in the fig. What is meant by a Logic Gate? What are Universal Gates?

Give Examples? What are the applications and advantages of Logic Gates? What are Logic Gates? Name the basic Logic Gates? Apparatus Required: i ii THEORY: Flipflop can be used as memory element since it holds the information until the arrival of the next trigger pulse at the input.

The flipflop which find wide applications are. Flip-Flop trainer Connecting wires. The following are the types of flipflops we have 1. JK flipflop 2. SR flipflop 3. T flipflop 4. D flipflop. Define Flip- Flop? What are the advantages and applications of a Flip Flop? What is the difference between a Latch and a Flip Flop? What are the different types of Flip Flops we have?

Sampling Gates Aim: To Study the operation of sampling gates using method of four diode gate Components Required: 1 Sampling gate trainer. Theory: A Sampling Gate is basically a transmission circuit which allows an input signal to pass through it during a selected interval; and blocks its passage outside the time interval. The input signal does not suffer any distortion or attenuation during transmission, with the result that the output waveform is an exact replica of the input signal waveform.

Hence the output of a sampling gate is an exact reproduction of the input signal during the selected interval, and is zero otherwise. The interval of the time is selected by means of an external signal termed as Gating Signal. The gating signal is generally a rectangular pulse of the required polarity. Circuit Diagram:. Procedure: 1 Connect the circuit as shown in figure. What is meant by a Sampling Gate?

What is the difference between a Sampling Gate and a Linear Gate? What are the types of Sampling Gate? In how many ways we can design a Sampling Gate? What is meant by a Gating Signal? Which signal is used for Gating purpose? Astable Multivibrator Using Transistors Aim: To study the operation of Astable Multivibrator using transistors and calculate the pulse width variation of different capacitance.

Apparatus Required: i Astable multivibrator transistor trainer kit. Theory: Astable multivibrator: An Astable Multivibrator has two quasi stable states and it keeps on switching between these two states by itself. No external triggering signal is needed. The astable multivibrator cannot remain indefinitely in any one of the two states. The two amplifier stages of an astable multivibrator are regenerative across coupled by capacitors.

The astable multivibrator may be to generate a square wave of period, 1. Procedure: i Study the theory of operation thoroughly. What is meant by a multivibrator? What is the other name for Astable Multivibrator?

What is meant by a quasi stable state? Astable Multivibrator contains how many quasi stable states? What is the principle of an Astable Multivibrator? How many triggerings are required for Astable Multivibrator? Monostable Multivibrator using Transistors Aim: To observe the stable state and quasi stable state voltages in monostable multivibrator. Monostable multivibrator: A monostable multivibrator on the other hand compared to Astable, bistable has only one stable state, the other state being quasi stable state.

Normally the multivibrator is in stable state and when an externally triggering pulse is applied, it switches from the stable to the quasi stable state. It remains in the quasi stable state for a short duration, but automatically reverse switches back to its original stable state without any triggering pulse.

The monostable multivibrator is also referred as one shot or uni vibrator since only one triggering signal is required to reverse the original stable state. The duration of quasi stable state is termed as delay time or pulse width or gate time.

It is denoted ast. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 2. Verify the stable states Q1 and Q2 3. Apply the square wave of 2Vp-p, 1 KHz signal to the trigger circuit.

Observe the wave forms at base of each transistor simultaneously. Observe the wave forms at collectors of each transistor simultaneously. Note down the parameters carefully. Note down the time period and compare it with theoretical values. Readings should be noted without parallax error. What is meant by a Mono Stable Multivibrator? What is the other name for Mono Stable Multivibrator? Monostable Multivibrator contains how many quasi stable states?

What is the principle of a Monostable Multivibrator? How many triggerings are required for Monostable Multivibrator? Bistable Multivibrator Aim: To study the operation of Bistable multivibrator and to obtain stable state outputs. Apparatus Required: 1. Transistor BC BC no 2. Resistors 2. Regulated Power Supply V, 1A 1no 6. Connect the function generator at the input terminals and CRO at the output terminals of the circuit.

Apply a square wave signal of frequency 1 KHz at the input. Observe the output waveform of the circuit for different time constants. Calculate the rise time for low pass filter and compare with the theoretical values. The rise time is defined as the time taken by the output voltage to rise from 0. Connections should be tight. Take care when biasing the supply. What is high pass circuit under what condition it acts as a differentiator?

What is low pass circuit under what condition it acts as a integrator? Show theoretically how you get a triangular wave when a square wave is given to an integrator? What happens when a sine wave is applied to a differentiator or integrator circuit? What are different applications of a differentiator? What are different applications of a integrator? What is the ideal value of phase shift offered by an RC circuit?

Resistors K 1 1k 1 10K 1 2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure2. II Shunt diode negative voltage clipper to clip at III series diode positive voltage clipper to clip at 1V. Resistors 1k 1 2. Diodes 1N 2 3. CRO 1 7. Regulated Power Supply 1 P. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 1. Apply a sine wave signal of frequency 1 KHz, Amplitude greater than the reference voltage at the Input and observe the output waveforms of the circuits.

Repeat the procedure for remaining circuits. Take care when applying proper supply. Define clipping? What are the applications of clippers? Define peak inverse voltage of diode? What are the other names for the clippers? Explain the clipping process? I Positive clamper II Negative clamper. Diode 1N 1 No 2. Capacitor 0. Resistor - 1K O 4. Function Generator 5. RPS 6. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Define clamping? What are the other names for the clamper?

What are the applications of clampers? No Name of the component Specification Quantity 1. Resistors 1 2. Transistor BC 1 3. When Transistor is ON 2. Measure the voltage a across collector to emitter terminals, b across collector to base terminals and c Base to emitter terminals.

Connect 5V to the input terminals. Observe that the LED glows when the input terminals are supplied with 0 volts. Now connect a function generator to the input terminals. Observe the waveforms at the input terminals and across collector and ground. Plot the waveform on a graph sheet. Note the inversion of the signal from input to output. What are the different switching times of a transistor?

Define ON time of a transistor? Define OFF time of a transistor? Explain how transistor acts as a switch? Define delay time td , raise time tr , saturation time ts and fall time tf of a transistor? Bread board IC trainer 2. Avoid loose connections on Breadboard. IC OR gate ii. IC AND gate iii. IC NOT gate iv. Bread board IC trainer vi. All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Inputs are applied from logic inputs and outputs are observed at the output indicators.

The truth table of half adder is verified. Half Subtractor: 1. Inputs are applied from logic inputs and outputs are observed at the output indicator. The truth table of half sub tractor is verified. Full Adder: 1. All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram 2. Inputs are applied from logic inputs and outputs are observed at the output indicator 3. The truth table of full adder is verified. Connections should be correct. Pin numbers should be identified properly.

What is meant by half adder? What is meant by full adder? What is meant by half subtractor? What is meant by 1s complement? What is meant by 2s complement? Why do you prefer 2s complement in computers? What is Boolean expression for full adder sum and carry? What is the advantage of look ahead carry adder?

Design full adder by using half adders? What is the disadvantage of look ahead carry adder? IC JK flip flop ii. Patch cards v. Connecting wires vi.

The inputs J 1 and K 1 are given to the pin numbers 14 and 3 of IC Clock pulse CP1 is applied at the pin 1.

V cc and ground connections are given to the pin 4 and The outputs Q 1 and Q 1 bar are connected to pin 12 and D flip-flop 1.

Connections are made per the circuit diagram. From JK flip flop we can obtain the D flip flop. T flip-flop 1. J-K flip-flop IC 2. AND gate IC 3. Patch cards 4. Bread board trainer 5. Connect the circuit as per logic diagram shown. Switch ON the Kit and note down the output. Verify output sequence with truth table. Connections should be made carefully. ICs and flip-flops should be handled carefully. What does meant by memory? Define sequential circuits?

Define combinational circuits? Bread board trainer 2. UJT 2N 3. Resistors- 4. DRB 5. Capacitors- 0. CRO 7. Regulated power supply V 8. The Output V o is noted, time period is also noted. The theoretical time period should be calculated. The Output at base 1 and base 2 should note. UJT terminals are identified properly. Readings can not be exceeding the limits. Draw the circuit symbol of double sided diode? Define intrinsic-standoff ratio? Define peak voltage? Define valley voltage?

Mention the names for negative resistances devices? Function generator. Resistors 2. CRO 5. RPS V 6. Bread board 7. Different voltages are measured at base and collector points of two transistors w.